How were China's crises in the 1839-60 period influenced by external and internal pressures?
During the 1839-60 period, China faced crises due to external pressures such as foreign imperialist demands, and internal pressures including political discontent and economic instability. These factors led to widespread rebellion and weakened the Qing dynasty.
Which revolt was particularly disruptive during the time of the Opium Wars?
The Taiping Rebellion (1850-64).
What factors led to the Qing Dynasty's inability to resist imposing unequal treaties by Western powers?
The Manchu Qing Dynasty was entrenched in outdated governance, lacking the military and technological advancements needed to resist Western powers. This led to the imposition of unequal treaties granting territorial and trade concessions.
What challenged China's traditional worldview in the 19th century?
China's defeat in the Opium Wars and foreign interference highlighted its military and economic vulnerabilities, undermining its traditional worldview.
In 1839, how did China view its own cultural position relative to the world?
China believed in its Confucian-based cultural superiority and saw the outside world as barbaric.
What distinguished the Dungan Rebellion in China?
The Dungan Rebellion (1862-1877) was unique as it involved conflict between Muslim Hui and Han Chinese in Gansu, primarily driven by ethnic and religious tensions. Many Hui rebels fled to Russia following the rebellion.
Describe the Panthay Rebellion.
The Panthay Rebellion (1856-1873) was an uprising by the Hui people, who were Muslim, in China's Yunnan province. It was a response to ethnic and religious persecution by the Qing dynasty. The rebellion was subdued with French assistance and by exploiting divisions within the rebels.
Which rebellions were influenced by the Taiping Rebellion?
The Taiping Rebellion inspired several other uprisings: Nian Rebellion (1853-68), Panthay Rebellion (1856-73), and Dungan Rebellion (1862-77).
Why did the Taiping Rebellion fail?
The Taiping Rebellion failed due to internal strife, alienation from brutal tactics, lack of gentry support, and improved Qing resolve. External opposition from Britain, France, and Western military leaders like General Gordon also contributed to its downfall alongside Zeng Guofan's effective Manchu military resistance.
What unique aspect gave the Taiping Rebellion its distinctive character?
The Taiping Rebellion was distinct due to its religious aspect. Leader Hong Xiuquan envisioned a 'Celestial Kingdom of Heavenly Peace' and saw the ruling Manchus as devilish.