The idea of alien species had always been important to me. In Colombia, I visited several national parks which were concerned with the threat invasive species posed on their endemic vegetation. I decided to investigate this topic further after having seen an announcement in the Dainfern magazine by the Dainfern Nature Association. The announcement contained a list of alien invasive plants, urging the residents not to plant them. Simultaneously in my IBDP Biology class, I was learning about competitiveness and ecological niches in an ecosystem, something I was aware was relevant in the context of South Africa. Following this, I contacted Olivia Denney, who works in the Dainfern Nature Association. After a few conversations, she mentioned that the small forest in Dainfern had big White Poplar trees, which are an invasive species to South Africa, and some indigenous Celtis, which were trying to grow through. Interestingly, she had gone to the area before and removed some of the alien species in hopes of the Celtis growing. I went to this forest area within the estate and identified the White Poplar trees. These trees were quite large, and when looking up, I could tell their leaf canopy cover was not allowing much light to get through the smaller endemic plants. Following this observation, I was interested in exploring the effect that canopy coverage has on the height of the Celtis trees. Regardless of other variables affecting growth, I was curious to investigate to what degree there is a correlation between increasing canopy percentages and the height of the native species. Considering this is a small forest, it took hours of planning to find the Celtis species that were under the canopy of the Poplar trees and collect the data with the correct tools.

Research question -&nbsp;How does the canopy cover (36, 57, 59, 68, 75 %) of invasive white poplar (Populus alba) affect the growth of native White stinkwood (Celtis Africana) as indicated by its height measured in meters?

Populus Alba, known as White poplar or Silver Poplar tree, is native to central and southern Europe, Morocco, and the Iberian Peninsula. (Poplar, White). P. Alba is fast-growing and drought resistant. It can reach heights of 30 meters and live for 300 - 400 years. (Populus Alba). It adapts well to warm conditions, and it establishes in sunlight, shading out native vegetation. Although it is unknown when it first appeared in South Africa, it&#39;s known that it has been introduced into North America, South America, Australia, South Africa, and Korea, mostly as an ornamental&nbsp;tree&rdquo;(Populus Alba) and now appears to have become invasive in South Africa. Celtis Africana known as white stinkwood is a tree indigenous to South Africa and can grow up to 30 meters. Regarding biological niches, P Alba has a tolerance to drought and salt. However, it prefers high temperatures and is light-demanding. (Populus Alba). C. Africana grows in almost all of South Africa, growing anywhere from &ldquo;koppies, coastal dunes, river banks, and dense high forests&rdquo; (Celtis africana &ndash; Tree SA). African Snout butterfly and Blue-spotted Emperor butterfly feed on these trees. Native birds also help in the distribution of seeds. (Celtis africana &ndash; Tree SA). Similarly to P. Alba, C. Africana can withstand long periods of drought. It can tolerate mild frosts, but extremely cold conditions are intolerable. When young, C. Africana should be able to grow 800 - 1500 mm per year. Its preferred niche for lighting is the full sun. (Celtis africana &ndash; CJM Growers). So, these two species share preferred niches, thereby creating competition for limited resources. In the case of this investigation, the resource is sunlight; both species prefer full sun, and &ldquo;inevitably, the less well-adapted species will struggle to survive and reproduce&rdquo; (Ecological Niche). The danger of competitive exclusion is that it can drive indigenous species to extinction. For this reason, exploring C. Africana&rsquo;s realised niche with P. Alba is important to determine the interactions they have when sharing resources and the threats endemic species face in South Africa.

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The study was conducted in Dainfern Golf Estate. Dainfern is a residential estate with both planned (gardens) and indigenous nature. The Dainfern Nature Association is aware of the invasive and native plants within the estate, including the presence of the White Poplar tree and native Celtis Africana trees in a small forest area behind &ldquo;The Glades Village.&rdquo; (Denney). The forest area has a small body of water and a stream, and it is located between two rows of houses. There is also a walking path crossing the forest. However, the actual forest area is mainly untouched by humans, and interference only occurs in cases of significant invasiveness.

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Arboreal Tree Height is an AR application that lets you measure the height of a tree. The app creates a 3D environment with the camera and the internal sensors. &ldquo;The user marks the position of a tree and walks some distance from the tree, and the inclinometer (angle) is used to compute the height of the actual tree.&rdquo; (Questions and Answers). This tool was chosen as some of the trees were too high to be measured with a measuring tape.

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Percentage Cover is an app that measures canopy cover. &ldquo;It utilises standard smart phone technology (such as camera, GPS, date/time) to apply existing assessment techniques, used by environmental professionals, students, and amateurs, in the ecological assessment of ... leaf cover versus leaf gap, above a nominated point along a transect or under an individual tree&rdquo; (Percentage Cover). The value is expressed as a percentage canopy filled (leaf cover). For instance, 68% indicated 68% filled and 32% unfilled. The app has a detection level which is a slider bar used to adjust the contrast to a level that best reflects the overlying canopy silhouette. This detection level is chosen automatically by the app.

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The independent variable being changed is the canopy cover. The area where this investigation was conducted is relatively small. Therefore the canopy cover percentages depended on the number of invasive P. Alba trees. The percentages used ranged from 36 - 75%. There were not enough invasive trees to choose percentages that increased in constant intervals. Nevertheless, the percentages found (36, 57, 60, 68, 75%) had enough variation; with a minimum of 3% between 57 and 60, and a maximum of 21% between 36 and 57. Moreover, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum (76 &ndash; 23) is 40%, a significant difference in leaf cover filled.

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According to a study by the University of Venda, South Africa, &ldquo;Populus alba (white poplar) outcompetes numerous indigenous tree and shrub species in mostly sunny areas... Dense stands of white poplar prevent other plant species from coexisting by reducing the amount of sunlight.&rdquo; The same study also states, &ldquo;white poplar can develop dense stands which can crowd and shade native vegetation and reduce species diversity.&rdquo; (Mbezi et al. 1674 - 1675)

If the independent variable is increased, then the dependent variable will decrease. Meaning as the percentage cover of Poplar Alba increases, then the height of Celtis Africana will decrease. White poplar reduces the amount of sunlight and shade native vegetation. (Mbezi et al. 1674 - 1675). Accordingly, if C. Africana&rsquo;s preferred niche for lighting is the full sun (Celtis africana &ndash; CJM Growers), there will be competitive exclusion between the species as P. Alba uses light resources more efficiently.

Canopy leaf cover of P. Alba expressed as a percentage of leaf filled. (36, 57, 60, 68, 75%)

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The existing field practice for estimating the percentage of canopy cover is to visually assess the canopy cover using a hard copy reference sheet, with black and white images showing incremental area increases of 10%, from entirely white (0%) to entirely black (100%). The range and variation of the independent variables are convenience sampling, the trees investigated displayed these different percentages.

Height of C. Africana measured in meters. (&plusmn; 0.005 mm)

Measured with Arboreal Tree Height App.

Photo Of P. Alba Number 3, Turned Black And White With The Contrast Turned Up.png

Photo Of P.Alba Number 3 Detection Level On Percentage Cover App With Detection Level Adjusted To 135.7.png

The sampling strategy used was convenience sampling. This was due to the small area, and the species evenness in the zone studied.

<ul>
	<li>Proceeded to area with invasive and alien species to investigate</li>
	<li>Identified, by observing, the P. Alba that seemed to have the most extensive foliage. With a measuring tape, measured the distance from the base of P. Alba to where the shade of the canopy ended. This value was the maximum radius (distance) the C. Africana could be with respect to P. Alba.</li>
	<li>Identified 1 P. Alba tree and 1 C. Africana tree. Using the measuring tape, measured that the C. Africana was within the radius of the P. Alba.</li>
	<li>Opened the Percentage Cover app on smartphone. Held phone flat in the palm of the hand and out in front of the body with the screen pointing upwards and being mindful not to capture oneself in the camera shot. When the phone screen is near level, a set of crosshairs appeared. Aligned the crosshairs and took the photo.</li>
	<li>Once the photo was taken, click on the detection level button, and if all leaves had been identified by the app, no adjustment of the detection level was needed. If the detection level did not identify leaves, then the &ldquo;detection level&rdquo; button was adjusted by sliding the bar to the right until leaves were shown in black.</li>
	<li>Clicked Analyze and wrote down the percentage and detection level if it was adjusted.</li>
	<li>Next, Opened the Arboreal app. Walked close to the Celtis Africana identified within the radius of the Populus Alba and marked its trunk.</li>
	<li>Walked at least 4 meters back from the tree, and kept the phone in an upright position. Marked the bottom of the tree, and then moved the phone up (while staying in the same place) and marked the top of the tree.</li>
	<li>Write down the height the app shows.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 7 - 8 four more times (for the same pair of P. Alba and C. Africana) &ndash; resulting in 5 total trials of the measurement of the height.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 3 - 10 with 4 other Poplar and Celtis pairs.</li>
</ul>

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Safety, Ethical and environmental consideration

<ul>
	<li>No animals were harmed while conducting this experiment</li>
	<li>No leaves or roots were removed during the study. It is key especially not to remove the roots of Populus Alba as its reproduction is primarily by root suckers arising from lateral roots from which it forms dense and large colonies. (Caudullo, and De Rigo, pg1)</li>
	<li>Attire (High boots and long sleeves) are always worn to prevent mosquito bites and stop thorns from hurting extremities.</li>
	<li>Avoid stepping on plants or flowers on site</li>
	<li>Follow methodology accordingly to prevent possible accidents.</li>
</ul>

Table On Table Showing Raw Data Of Canopy Coverage Percentage Of Populus Alba And The Height Of Respective Celtis Africana In Meters..svg

Table On Table Showing Canopy Percentage And Its Respective Observed Data.svg

A graph showing canopy cover (36, 57, 59, 68, 75 _) of invasive Populus alba versus.svg

To perform a Pearson&rsquo;s r test, there cannot be any outliers. GraphPad outlier calculator showed 8.74 is a significant outlier P&lt;0.05. however, because the intervals of independent variables are not consistent, it was not removed. In other words, the y value (36%) for this tree was appreciably lower than the rest of the y values due to the nature of the sampling method.

Pearson’s r formula.svg

A Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient test was carried out using Social Science Statistics Pearson Correlation Coefficient Calculator.

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R Calculation breakdown -

X Values -&nbsp;

&Sigma; = 296

&nbsp;

Mean (Mx) = 59.2

&nbsp;

&Sigma;(X - Mx)2&nbsp;= SSx&nbsp;= 870.8

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Y Values -

&nbsp;

&Sigma; = 17.47

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Mean = 3.494

&nbsp;

&Sigma;(Y - My)2 = SSy = 36.295

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X and Y Combined -

&nbsp;

N = 5

&nbsp;

&Sigma;(X - Mx) (Y - My) = -169.354

&nbsp;

R Calculation -

&nbsp;

r =&nbsp;&Sigma;((X - My) (Y - Mx)) / &radic;((SSx)(SSy)) = -0.953

&nbsp;

r = -169.354 /&nbsp;&radic;((870.8)(36.295)) = -0.953

&nbsp;

r = -0.953

&nbsp;

Pearson&rsquo;s r measures the strength and direction of the correlation between independent and dependent variables. Where r is a value from -1 &amp; 1. Between 0 and -1 indicates a negative correlation. 0 indicates that there is no association between the two variables, and 1 or -1 means a&nbsp;perfect correlation. R equaled -0.953; this indicates a strong negative correlation. As the percentage cover increases, the height decreases.

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R2

R2 of the linear graph is 0.908 (to three significant figures) Calculated by excel built-in R-squared value function

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R2 determines the proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable. 1 indicates that all movements in the y - axis (dependent variable) are completely explained by movements in the x - axis (independent variable). The result 0.908 for the linear model in Graph 1 essentially means that 90% of the variance of the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable.

The percentage difference between 36% and 75% canopy cover is 152%

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Calculation -

8.74 - 1.20 = 7.54

&nbsp;

Average = (8.74 + 1.20) / 2 = 4.97

&nbsp;

Ratio = 7.54 / 4.97 = 1.1517102516

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1.1517102516 &times; 100 = 152%

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A difference of 39% between independent variables shows a high percentage difference (151%) in the results of the dependent variable.

The degree of accuracy, according to the app developer, was &plusmn; 0.4 m (Arboreal-height). A study assessing the uncertainty of measuring tree height using found that &ldquo;Results proved that &sigma;H could vary between 0.5 m and up to 20 m (worst case) ...height measurement uncertainty (&sigma;H)&rdquo; (De Petris et al. Pg 1). This suggests that the application used in the experiment is mostly accurate.

A chi-squared test was also carried out to further reveal if the presence of P. Alba had an effect on the presence of C. Africana upon the competitiveness between them. The test was done in the same area as the data was collected. The quadrats were 3m x 3m since measuring trees requires a larger quadrat sampling. The quadrats were placed randomly within the area, and the total of 11 quadrats was convenience sampling as the area is not large and did not allow for more relevant quadrat samplings.

Exploring The Effect That Invasive Populus Alba Has On The Growth Of Native Celtis Africana In South Africa

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Dr. Angela Jebailey

Experienced IB Bio teacher with a 6.18 student avg, ready to help you nail that 7!