Chemistry is the central science. The way the subject connects other branches of science and finds it&rsquo;s applications in various aspects of life is really fascinating. Identifying a suitable topic and selecting an appropriate research question for Chemistry IA was a little challenging given the restrictions and challenges we had during this global pandemic. However, my inquisitiveness as a learner and reflective aptitude helped in me being successful to arrive at a suitable topic. The story begins from a recent article that I came across in my Facebook wall which shows that various bio-chemical waste like fruit peels, bio degradable domestic waste which when disposed in water bodies can acts as a purifier by adsorbing the heavy metal ions and other toxic organic molecules from it. Firstly, the term adsorption was new to me but what was enchanting was the fact that this is an easy and eco-friendly method of waste disposal and water purification. With my desire to have more in-depth knowledge about this, I researched on the topic of adsorption and also the various physical and chemical factors that may have an effect on the rate of adsorption. Almost all the articles or text books that I came across spoke about how the rate of adsorption depends on physical factors like temperature, pressure, surface area and many more. The inquirer inside me was bothered about the biological and chemical factors that may be relevant especially in connection to the example of use of biodegradable waste products in purifying water by adsorbing heavy metal ions and other toxic organic molecules. For example, all the sea and oceans are saline in nature and the level of salinity; concentration of NaCl would not be the same for all water bodies would not be the same. Would this difference in salinity level impact the efficiency of adsorption of heavy metals by biodegradable waste products in nay way? To answer this question, I decided to perform my investigation of Chemistry Internal Assessment based on this. Considering the restrictions of performing the experiment in home and the safety or ethical restrictions associated, I chose to study the adsorption of a dye which mimic a organic molecule at various salinity levels by using NaCl solutions of different concentrations using bread crumbs that represent the bio degradable waste product. Thus, I arrived at the research question narrated below:

How does the percentage extent of adsorption (mass of dye adsorbed by 100 g of the adsorbate) of the food color-Carmoisine Red Dye (Azorubine - C20H12N2Na2O7S2) by a definite mass of dried bread crumps in presence of aqueous NaCl depends on the molar concentration of NaCl solution used at constant temperature and surface area, determined using colorimetry?

Adsorption is a surface phenomenon where the molecules of a particular substance is more concentrated and sticks to the surface of another substance instead of entering the bulk of the matter. For example, if a plastic and a cotton is immersed in water, both of them adheres the water molecules but there is a difference. For the cotton substance, the water will enter the bulk of the matter and thus the entire cotton substance will absorb water. For the plastic substance the water molecule will stick to the surface of the object and not enter the bulk of it. This is an example of adsorption. Here, the water is the adsorbate and the plastic substance is the adsorbent. This investigation deals with the adsorption of the organic dye &ndash; Carmoisine Red Dye by bread crumbs. The organic dye solution is the adsorbate and the bread crumbs are the adsorbent. This process exists in a dynamic equilibrium as shown below:

&nbsp;

Dye solution (adsorbate) + Bread crumbs (adsorbent ) &larr;---&rarr; Dye-Bread crumbs

&nbsp;

(adsorbate-adsorbent complex)

Adsorption are of two types:

&nbsp;

Physisorption:&nbsp;Here there is only physical forces of attraction like Vander Wall forces between the molecules of adsorbate and adsorbent. This is a multilayer phenomenon and is reversible in nature.

&nbsp;

Chemisorption:&nbsp;Here there are real chemical bonds between the molecules of adsorbate and adsorbent. This is a mono-layered phenomenon and is irreversible in nature.

&nbsp;

The adsorption considered in this case is an example of chemisorption. Here, chemical bonds (covalent bonds) exists between the dye molecule and the C in the dried bread crumbs.

<ul>
	<li>Temperature: Adsorption is an exothermic process. Thus with the decrease of temperature, the equilibrium involved in adsorption shifts more towards the product and more molecules of adsorbate gets stick to the surface of the adsorbent. This in turn increases the extent as well as speed of adsorption.</li>
	<li>Pressure: Pressure plays a role only during the adsorption of gases on solid surfaces. Increase of pressure causes more gas molecules to be adsorbed on the surface of the solid used as adsorbent.</li>
	<li>Surface area: Higher the surface area of the adsorbent, more the molecules that can adhere to the surface and thus higher the extent of adsorption.</li>
</ul>

The adsorption extent is a quantitative tool to measure how much of the adsorbate has been adsorbed by the surface of the adsorbent. It is measured according to the equation stated below:

&nbsp;

\(\text{Percentage Adsorption extent = }\frac{mass \ of\ dye\ adsorbed}{mass \ of\ adsorbent\ (bread\ crumb)\ used}\ × \ 100\)

&nbsp;

It may be defined as the mass of the adsorbate adhered to the surface of the 100 g of the adsorbent.

adsorption extent.svg

It is an azo dye formed by diazotisation of 4-aminonapthalene sulphonic acid and 4-hydroxy naphthalene sulphonic acid. The IUPAC name of the dye is Disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1- naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate. It is a dark red crystal at room temperature and soluble in water. It is used as a food additive as a colouring agent. It is also popular by the name of Azorubine&nbsp;where the prefix &lsquo;Azo&rsquo; refers to the N = N present in the dye.

In a research based on the effect of the salt KCl on the &lsquo;adsorption of organic molecules like phenol, toluene and benzene on activated C it was found that as the concentration of KCl increases, the adsorption coefficient of the activated charcoal was found to decrease.

&nbsp;

This was mainly described by the electro neutralization of the surface charges on the surface of the activated charcoal that was used as a adsorbent in this case.

There is no correlation between the percentage adsorption extent of adsorption of Carmoisine Red Dye by bread crumbs and the molar concentration of NaCl solution in which the adsorption has occurred.

There is a negative correlation between the percentage adsorption extent of adsorption of Carmoisine Red Dye by bread crumbs and the molar concentration of NaCl solution in which the adsorption has occurred.

alternate.svg

Safety precautions:

<ul>
	<li>A safety masks was used so that any toxic vapors is not inhaled.</li>
	<li>A protective clothing was used so that any of the chemicals is not exposed to skin.</li>
	<li>A safety gloves was also used so that spillage of solutions does not harm the skin.</li>
	<li>Though performed at home, the investigation was performed at a suitable place where there are no disturbances and under the supervision of a responsible adult.</li>
</ul>

The methodology used does not result in the emission of any toxic gases or by-products that may harm the environment in any possible way.

All the unused chemicals were diluted and then disposed of. The waste chemicals were segregated into solid waste and liquid waste. The liquid waste chemicals were stored in a sealed plastic container, large amount of water was added to it to reduce the toxicity and then disposed into the sink. The solid waste products were taken to an open space and burnt.

<ul>
	<li>Take a 100 cc glass beaker.</li>
	<li>Place a watch glass on the digital mass balance and tare the reading of the balance to 0.00 &plusmn; 0.01 g.</li>
	<li>Transfer the food colour-Carmoisine Red Dye using a digital mass balance on a watch glass until the balance reads 0.50 &plusmn; 0.01 g (0.001 moles) using a spatula.</li>
	<li>Transfer the weighed solid from the watch glass to the beaker.</li>
	<li>Add 100 cc distilled water into the same beaker using a graduated measuring cylinder.</li>
	<li>Take a glass rod and stir the solution to obtain a clear red color solution.</li>
	<li>Transfer 1.00 &plusmn; 0.05 cm3 of the same solution from the beaker to a cuvette using a 1.00 cc glass pipette.</li>
	<li>Set up the wavelength of the colorimeter at 516 nm5</li>
	<li>Record the absorbance.</li>
	<li>10. Repeat steps 6 - 8 for four more times.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 1 - 9 with other values of mass of the dye &ndash; 1.00 &plusmn; 0.01g (0.002 moles), 1.50 &plusmn; 0.01g (0.003 moles), 2.00 &plusmn; 0.01g (0.004 moles), 2.50 &plusmn; 0.01g (0.005 moles), 3.00 &plusmn; 0.01g (0.006 moles), 3.50 &plusmn; 0.01g (0.007 moles), 4.00 &plusmn; 0.01g (0.008 moles), 4.50 &plusmn; 0.01g (0.009 moles) and 5.00 &plusmn; 0.01g (0.010 moles).</li>
</ul>

Mass of NaCl to be used = moles &times; molar mass = concentration &times; volume &times; molar mass

&nbsp;

\(= 0.20 × \frac{100}{1000} × 58.05 = 1.16 g\)&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Take a watch glass and place it on the top pan digital mass balance.</li>
	<li>Adjust the reading of the balance to 0.00 &plusmn; 0.01 g.</li>
	<li>Transfer solid NaCl from the reagent bottle to the watch glass using a spatula until the balance reads 1.16 &plusmn; 0.01 g.</li>
	<li>Take a 100 cm3 volumetric flask and place a funnel on it.</li>
	<li>Transfer the weighed solid through the funnel.</li>
	<li>To transfer the solid completely, wash the watch glass with distilled water (from a long neck distilled water bottle) and collect the washing in the volumetric flask. This will ensure that any weighed solid remaining on the wall of the funnel or on the watch glass have been transferred to the volumetric flask.</li>
	<li>Add distilled water till the mark of 100 cm3</li>
	<li>Close the lid of the flask and shake it gently to dissolve the solid completely and obtain a clear NaCl solution.</li>
</ul>

Repeat the same process to prepare 0.40 moldm-3 , 0.60 moldm-3 , 0.80 moldm-3 and 1.00 moldm-3 NaCl solutions. Use 2.32 &plusmn; 0.01 g, 3.48 &plusmn; 0.01 g, 4.64 &plusmn; 0.01 g and 5.80 &plusmn; 0.01 g of NaCl respectively.

Effect Of Percentage Concentration Of NaCl On Adsorption Of The Food Color-Carmoisine Red Dye By Dried Bread Crumbs

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