What are they? Molecular tools to amplify and visualize DNA.

• Swab from nose/throat ➡️ Get virus particles & RNA ➡️ Convert to DNA using reverse transcriptase ➡️ Use PCR to amplify sequences ➡️ Fluorescent markers attached ➡️ Fluorescence monitored.

  Advantages

  • Super Sensitive: From 1 RNA molecule to about 35 billion DNA molecules!
  • Super Specific: Focus on one strain of the virus.

  Drawbacks

  • Costs! 💸 Need special materials & equipment.
  • Time: You might need to wait for results.

✨ Fun Fact: If PCR was baking, it's like turning a sprinkle of yeast into enough to make loaves for the entire city!

• DNA Profiling: Uses sequences called short tandem repeats (STR). These sequences repeat a different number of times in different people.

  • E.g., TAGA might repeat 6-15 times in one person but differently in another.

Steps to Get DNA Profile

• Obtain DNA sample.
• Use PCR to copy selected tandem repeats.
• Use gel electrophoresis to separate DNA by length/number of repeats.
• Look for band patterns on the gel – that's the DNA profile!

✨ Real-life scenarios for Paternity Testing

• Man might deny fatherhood to skip expenses.
• Women with multiple partners might want to know the bio dad.
• A child may want to prove heritage after a father's death.