pill.png

Pill

Theme C - Interaction &  Interdependence

direct-hit.png

Direct Hit

Theme A - Unity & Diversity

page-facing-up.png

Page Facing Up

Theme B - Form & Function

keycap-digit-one.png

Keycap Digit One

Theme D - Continuity & Change

Quick Fun Fact! 🌟 Have you ever felt super energized after munching on some carbs or sugary snacks? That&#39;s because the food you eat is converted into energy via ATP! Think of ATP as the battery of your cell-phone but for your body&#39;s cells. The mitochondrion is like the charger that boosts the ATP battery. Okay, let&#39;s dive in!

<ul>
	<li>It&#39;s a fancy, big protein.</li>
	<li>Job: Converts ADP ➡️ ATP.</li>
	<li>Need: Energy. Because it&#39;s like trying to push a boulder uphill!</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Proton Gradient = Energy source.</li>
	<li>Proton Gradient is set up by the electron transport chain.</li>
	<li>Chemiosmosis = Process to use this energy to make ATP.</li>
</ul>

🍎 Real-World Example: Imagine a water wheel. The flow of water (protons) turns the wheel (ATP synthase). This turning generates energy, which can be used to power something (like grinding grains in olden mills) or, in our case, produce ATP.

<ul>
	<li>Part 1: Transmembrane subunits (think tiny tunnels) in the mitochondrion&#39;s inner membrane.
	<ul>
		<li>Allow protons to pass through.</li>
		<li>Release energy.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Part 2: Globular structure (looks like a mushroom&#39;s head).
	<ul>
		<li>Sticks out into the matrix.</li>
		<li>Uses the energy to make ATP.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>No broken lines.</li>
	<li>Clear labels.</li>
	<li>Keep it proportional: Don&#39;t draw parts too big or too small.</li>
	<li>Meaningful lines only!</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Drum-shaped part: has identical subunits (c). It binds protons.</li>
	<li>Next to the drum: structure (a) with half-channels.
	<ul>
		<li>These channels let protons in and out.</li>
		<li>Drum rotates when protons move, turning kinetic energy.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Drum connected to a stalk (&gamma;) in the matrix.
	<ul>
		<li>Stalk + Drum = Rotor of ATP synthase.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Globular part: Ring of alternating subunits (&alpha; and &beta;).
	<ul>
		<li>&beta; has an active site for making ATP.</li>
		<li>Stalk&#39;s rotation energizes ATP production.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Ring rotation is stopped by rotor arm (structure next to it).</li>
</ul>

🍌 Real-World Example: Ever played with a wind-up toy? The drum is like the winding key. As you wind it (or as protons move), it stores energy. Once released, the toy moves (or ATP is produced)!

<ul>
	<li>Each &beta; makes 1 ATP for each rotor turn.</li>
	<li>10 c subunits needed for one rotation.</li>
	<li>For every reduced NAD: 10 protons pumped and 2.5 ATP produced.</li>
	<li>For every reduced FAD: 6 protons pumped and 1.5 ATP produced.</li>
</ul>

🚀 And that&#39;s it! Remember, every time you move or even think, your cells are working hard, producing ATP. So, next time you&#39;re munching on those snacks, give a silent shout-out to your mighty mitochondria for keeping you charged up! 🍫🔋🔌

Theme C - Interaction & Interdependence

Unlock ATP Synthesis Secrets!

Table of content

What is ATP synthase? 🔄

How does ATP synthase get this energy? ⚡️

ATP synthase - two main parts 🌓