📌 Organizational Charts: Think of it like a family tree for businesses. It shows who's who and who reports to whom.

• Levels of Hierarchy: The layers of authority in a company. Imagine a cake with several layers. The topmost layer might be the CEO, while the bottom might be an intern. A 4-tier cake might have a CEO, managers, supervisors, and then employees!

• Chain of Command: It's the decision-making path. Imagine playing "Chinese Whispers". If the CEO whispers a command, it might go through various people before reaching the junior employee, like from CEO ➡️ Marketing Executive ➡️ Assistant 1 ➡️ Junior.

• Span of Control: Imagine being a teacher. If you're responsible for 5 students, your span of control is 5. But remember, not everyone under a leader is counted. The school janitor doesn’t report to the teacher, right?

• Delegation: Imagine a captain of a football team. They might let a teammate take a penalty, but if the kick fails, guess who the fans blame? The captain! Similarly, in business, leaders can assign tasks, but they're still responsible if things go south.

• Centralization vs. Decentralization

  • Centralization: Imagine a classroom where only the teacher makes decisions. It's very orderly but not always the most creative space.
  • Decentralization: Now, imagine a classroom where the teacher lets students choose their projects. More freedom, more creativity!

• Bureaucracy: Think of this as a school with LOTS of rules. Want to go to the bathroom? Fill a form. Want to drink water? Permission needed. It's super structured, but not always efficient.

• Delayering: Let's say in a video game you've got many levels to cross. Now, imagine the game designers remove a few middle levels. That's delayering! In business, it means cutting down managerial layers to make things smoother.

• Matrix Structure: Picture this – you're in a school play. You have a director, but you also take advice from the music teacher, dance instructor, and drama teacher. That's a matrix! Multiple people guiding one proje