Our study focuses on the concept of migration, both literal and metaphorical, along with personal identity, memory, and the trials faced by previous generations. We delve into works from Zira Naurzbayeva, Regie Cabico, and Doris Pilkington Garimara to unearth various perspectives on these themes.

Naurzbayeva, a Kazadhstani writer, explores the internal migration of older women from rural to urban settings. She questions how this shift impacts their identities and memories.

Key Themes

• Internal Migration: It's not only international immigration that causes shifts in culture and lifestyle. Moving from a rural village to an urban city within the same country can feel like crossing a border. An example is a person moving from the countryside of Texas to a bustling city like New York; they might experience a cultural shock.

• Identity and Memory: Migration can affect one's self-identity. An older generation woman from a village might struggle with urban lifestyle changes, leading to a shift in her personal identity. It's like your grandmother learning to use a smartphone; it's new, challenging, and can affect her view of herself in a modern world.