History HL
32
Chapters
489
Notes
Chapter 1 - China 1839-60 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 2 - The Opening Of China To Foreigners 1860-1901 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 3 - Defeat & Revolution 1901-25 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 4 - Nationalists & Communists 1924-45 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 5 - The Japanese Threat & Communist Takeover 1931-49 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 6 - China & The Wider World 1949-76 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 7 - Government, Economy & Society Under Mao After 1949 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 8 - The Cultural Revolution 1966 -76 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 9 - Deng Xiaoping
Chapter 10 - China & The Wider World 1978-97 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 11 - Concluding Survey (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 12 - Jews, Arabs & The British 1900-39 (Middle East)
Chapter 13 - The Birth Of Isreal 1939-49 (Middle East)
Chapter 14 - Arab-Israeli Wars In 1956, 1967, & 1973 (Middle East)
Chapter 15 - Nasser, Egypt & Arab Nationalism (Middle East)
Chapter 16 - The Palestinian Problem (Middle East)
Chapter 17 - The Challenges Of Peace-Making 1991-2008: Israelis & Palestinians (Middle East)
Chapter 18 - The Iran-Iraq War 1980-8 (Middle East)
Chapter 19 - Iraq & The West 1988-2008 (Middle East)
Chapter 20 - From Arab Nationalism To IsIamic Fundamentalism (Middle East)
Chapter 21 - Truman (Cold War 1945- 81)
Chapter 22 - The Korean War (Cold War 1945-81)
Chapter 23 - Eisenhower & Dulles (Cold war 1945 -81)
Chapter 25 - Kennedy To Carter (Cold War 1945-81)
Chapter 26 - Weimar Germany - 1918-1933 (European States)
Chapter 27 - Hitler’s Germany - 1933-1939 (European States)
Chapter 28 - Italy - 1918-1922 (European States)
Chapter 29 - Mussolini’s Italy - 1922-1939 (European States)
Chapter 30 - Spain - 1918-1936 (European States)
Chapter 31 - The Spanish Civil War - 1936-1939 (European States)
Chapter 32 - The Soviet Union - 1918-1929 (European States)
Chapter 33 - The Soviet Union - 1929-1939 (European States)
History HL
Chapter 30 - Spain - 1918-1936 (European States)
Reforms & Revolutions The Tumultuous Second Republic of Spain
568 words
3 mins read
Last edited on 16th Oct 2024
Table of content
🚀 Quick Takeaway: The Second Republic was a tumultuous period in Spain. Led primarily by the left, the government attempted major reforms, especially related to the Church and land distribution. However, opposition from the right and internal challenges kept Spain politically unstable.
Key Players 🎯
- Manuel Azaña: First a minister of war, then became the prime minister.
- Niceto Alcalá-Zamora: Initially the prime minister, later president.
- Largo Caballero: Minister of labour, responsible for land redistribution.
- José María Gil Robles: Leader of the new right-wing party, CEDA.
Notable Points 📌
- Election Results: After King Alfonso's exit, the centre-left won elections. Massive victory with 473 seats out of 530! The right had only 57 seats.
- The New Constitution
- Spain = a democratic republic for workers of all classes.
- Features: Elections every 4 years, women can vote, a president as the head, and freedom for all religions.
- Church vs. State
- Azaña wanted to curb Church power. The Church's control over education was taken away.
- Real World Example: Imagine if schools in the U.S. suddenly couldn’t teach based on any religious curriculum. Big change, right?!
- Education Overhaul
- Over 7,000 new schools in just 2 years! That's like building more than 9 schools every day!
- Plus, a People’s University in Madrid and the promotion of art and culture to rural areas. Think of it as a cultural roadshow with art and films!
- The Army Situation
- Army size cut in half by offering early retirement, which kind of backfired because many who stayed were super conservative.
- Economic Woes
- Spain was hurting from the Great Depression. Farmers struggled, factories produced less, but the government didn't change taxes to help.
- Think of it as if a huge company like Apple suddenly started producing half the number of iPhones. Big impact, right?
- Land Reforms
- Aimed to distribute land to peasants, but there was a cash crunch.
- Real World Example: It's like wanting to gift everyone a house but then realizing you can't afford it.
- Civil Unrest
- Both left and right were unhappy. The Assault Guard was created for loyalty, but major uprisings continued.
- Quick Fact: Catalonia got its own parliament in 1932! Some saw this as the first step toward breaking Spain apart.
- Right Wing Response
- The right wing formed CEDA to fight back. They were like the Avengers but for defending traditional values.
- Gil Robles, their leader, saw a brewing battle between Marxist and anti-Marxist forces, similar to the divide happening in Germany.
Unlock the Full Content! 
Dive deeper and gain exclusive access to premium files of History HL. Subscribe now and get closer to that 45 🌟
History HL
Chapter 30 - Spain - 1918-1936 (European States)
Reforms & Revolutions The Tumultuous Second Republic of Spain
568 words
3 mins read
Last edited on 16th Oct 2024
Table of content
🚀 Quick Takeaway: The Second Republic was a tumultuous period in Spain. Led primarily by the left, the government attempted major reforms, especially related to the Church and land distribution. However, opposition from the right and internal challenges kept Spain politically unstable.
Key Players 🎯
- Manuel Azaña: First a minister of war, then became the prime minister.
- Niceto Alcalá-Zamora: Initially the prime minister, later president.
- Largo Caballero: Minister of labour, responsible for land redistribution.
- José María Gil Robles: Leader of the new right-wing party, CEDA.
Notable Points 📌
- Election Results: After King Alfonso's exit, the centre-left won elections. Massive victory with 473 seats out of 530! The right had only 57 seats.
- The New Constitution
- Spain = a democratic republic for workers of all classes.
- Features: Elections every 4 years, women can vote, a president as the head, and freedom for all religions.
- Church vs. State
- Azaña wanted to curb Church power. The Church's control over education was taken away.
- Real World Example: Imagine if schools in the U.S. suddenly couldn’t teach based on any religious curriculum. Big change, right?!
- Education Overhaul
- Over 7,000 new schools in just 2 years! That's like building more than 9 schools every day!
- Plus, a People’s University in Madrid and the promotion of art and culture to rural areas. Think of it as a cultural roadshow with art and films!
- The Army Situation
- Army size cut in half by offering early retirement, which kind of backfired because many who stayed were super conservative.
- Economic Woes
- Spain was hurting from the Great Depression. Farmers struggled, factories produced less, but the government didn't change taxes to help.
- Think of it as if a huge company like Apple suddenly started producing half the number of iPhones. Big impact, right?
- Land Reforms
- Aimed to distribute land to peasants, but there was a cash crunch.
- Real World Example: It's like wanting to gift everyone a house but then realizing you can't afford it.
- Civil Unrest
- Both left and right were unhappy. The Assault Guard was created for loyalty, but major uprisings continued.
- Quick Fact: Catalonia got its own parliament in 1932! Some saw this as the first step toward breaking Spain apart.
- Right Wing Response
- The right wing formed CEDA to fight back. They were like the Avengers but for defending traditional values.
- Gil Robles, their leader, saw a brewing battle between Marxist and anti-Marxist forces, similar to the divide happening in Germany.
Unlock the Full Content!
Dive deeper and gain exclusive access to premium files of History HL. Subscribe now and get closer to that 45 🌟