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Thermometer

Theme B - The Particulate Nature Of Matter

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Rocket

Theme A - Space, Time & Motion

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Water Wave

Theme C - Wave Behaviour 

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Magnifying Glass Tilted Right

Theme D - Fields

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Microscope

Theme E - Nuclear & Quantum Physics

🌍 Quick Byte: Earth&#39;s energy budget involves complex interplays of incoming and outgoing radiation, impacted by the Sun and Earth&#39;s atmosphere.

<ul>
	<li>
	Solar constant: 1360W/m&sup2; at the top of Earth&#39;s atmosphere. Imagine a large flashlight pouring its light over a square meter of Earth&#39;s surface.
	</li>
	<li>
	But it doesn&#39;t cover the entire Earth! Half Earth remains in darkness.

	📌 Fun Fact: At any given time, only half of the Earth is lit, like how only half your face is illuminated when you take a side selfie in the sun.
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Sunlight strikes Earth&#39;s surface over a disc area of &pi;R&sup2; (R = Earth&#39;s radius).
	</li>
	<li>
	This energy spreads over the entire globe, an area of 4&pi;R&sup2;.

	Math Alert! 🧮
	</li>
	<li>
	Average intensity I surface​ at any surface point in 24h = \(= \frac {solar Constant\ \times\ \pi R^2}{4\pi R^2} = \frac {solar Constant }{4}\)​
	</li>
	<li>
	So,I surface​ = 340W/m&sup2; (rounded to 2 s.f.)
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Sun&#39;s radiation faces resistance from the atmosphere.
	</li>
	<li>
	Gets absorbed and scattered.

	🌅 Fun Fact: That&#39;s why we see those beautiful colors during sunrise and sunset. The atmosphere scatters sunlight!
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	Albedo: How much sunlight does Earth&#39;s surface scatter back? Think of albedo as Earth&#39;s &quot;sunscreen&quot; factor.
	</li>
	<li>
	Given by

	\(a = \frac {energy scattered}{total incident energy} or a = \frac {scattered power}{incident power} ​ \)

	🌈 No units, ranges between 0 (black body, no scattering) and 1 (absorbs zero radiation).
	</li>
	<li>
	Earth&#39;s average albedo: ~0.3. This means

	<ul>
		<li>30% sunlight bounced back.</li>
		<li>70% sunlight absorbed.</li>
	</ul>

	🌥️ Weather Watch: Clouds can change this! Thin clouds have albedo values of 0.3-0.4, but thick stormy clouds? Almost 0.9!
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>They depend on different wavelengths. They aren&#39;t twins but cousins.</li>
	<li>Emissivity: Ratio of radiation emitted by a grey body vs. a black body.</li>
	<li>Albedo: Fraction of reflected radiation to incident radiation.</li>
</ul>

High albedo = Snow remains for a long time. Ever notice how snow stays for ages unless dirtied? That&#39;s albedo in action!

2021: Syukuro Manabe &amp; Klaus Hasselmann win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

<ul>
	<li>Manabe: Developed models linking radiation balance with air movements.</li>
	<li>Hasselmann: Highlighted human influence on climate changes.</li>
</ul>

🤝 Science is teamwork. Even when researchers don&rsquo;t directly collaborate, their findings can be intertwined and mutually reinforcing.

. Forest vs. Sea vs. Ice Cap in albedo game

- Ice: High albedo (great at reflecting).

- Sea: Low albedo (absorbs a lot).

b. Earth&#39;s albedo model

- Given: Incident intensity = 340W/m&sup2;, Scattered intensity = 100W/m&sup2;. - Albedo a = 100340340100​ = 0.29.

c. Mercury&#39;s solar radiation: - Mercury&#39;s average intensity = 2.1&times;103/W/m2. - Absorbed intensity = 1.9 &times; 103W/m2.&nbsp;

Don&#39;t forget: These values and explanations help us understand Earth&#39;s complex relationship with the Sun, and the role each plays in our climate. 🌞🌏🌛

Theme B - The Particulate Nature Of Matter

Unlocking Earth's Energy Balance: Surface & Atmosphere Dynamics

Table of content

Solar energy basics

Distribution of solar energy

Atmosphere's role - not all sunlight gets through!

Unlock the Full Content!

Theme B - The Particulate Nature Of Matter

Unlocking Earth's Energy Balance: Surface & Atmosphere Dynamics

Table of content

Solar energy basics

Distribution of solar energy

Atmosphere's role - not all sunlight gets through!

Unlock the Full Content!