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Chart Increasing

Chapter 4 - Movement Analysis

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Flexed Biceps

Chapter 1 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy

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Woman Lifting Weights

Chapter 2 - Cardio-Respiratory Exercise Physiology

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Peanuts

Chapter 3 - Nutrition & Energy Systems

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Trophy

Chapter 5 - Skill In Sport

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Bar-Chart

Chapter 6 - Measurement & evaluation of human performance

Chapter 7 - Training to optimize physiological performance

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Globe Showing Europe Africa

Chapter 8 - Environmental Factors & Performance

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Pill

Chapter 9 - Non-Nutritional Ergogenic Aids

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Chapter 10 - Individual Differences In Sport

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Fire

Chapter 11 - Motivation In Sport & Exercise

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Grimacing Face

Chapter 12 - Arousal, Anxiety & Performance

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Brain

Chapter 13 - Psychological Skills Training

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Downcast Face with Sweat

Chapter 14 - Overtraining, Stress & Burnout In Adolescent Athletes

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Stethoscope

Chapter 15 - Physical Activity & Health

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Red Apple

Chapter 16 - Nutrition For Sport & Exercise

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Chart Decreasing

Chapter 17 - Internal Assessment & Practical Work

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Writing Hand

Chapter 18 - Perparing For Your Exams 

<ul>
	<li>Angular Momentum (L) is a measure of the amount of (or potential for) rotation.</li>
	<li>Formula: L = I * w
	<ul>
		<li>L = Angular Momentum (sometimes also represented by the symbol H)</li>
		<li>I = Moment of Inertia</li>
		<li>w = Angular Velocity</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>It is a vector quantity (has size and direction) and measured in kg.m&sup2;.s⁻&sup1;.</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>It is generated by applying torque (or moment) over time to a body free to rotate.
	<ul>
		<li>Requires a force to be applied some distance away from the axis of rotation.</li>
		<li>The force must not go through the axis of rotation.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>The force may come from various sources such as another object (ground or a sporting implement), another body, or a segment of the body via the muscles.
	<ul>
		<li>E.g., in sports like gymnastics, the angular momentum of the human body is generated by using the muscles and limbs to apply a torque to the ground, which applies the same torque back (by Newton&#39;s third law).</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Apparatuses such as a vaulting table or beam can also be used to create and gain angular momentum.</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>According to Newton&#39;s first law of motion (angular version): &ldquo;A rotating body will continue to turn about its axis with constant angular momentum unless an external unbalanced torque (moment) is applied to it.&rdquo;
	<ul>
		<li>Once generated, angular momentum stays constant unless there&#39;s an interaction with another object or body that creates a torque to change it.</li>
		<li>E.g., during human airborne flight in sports like gymnastics, the only major forces acting are gravity and air resistance (drag). Since gravity acts through the center of gravity (which is also the axis of rotation), there&#39;s no torque created, and the angular momentum stays constant (it is conserved) during the flight.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>The conservation principle is also evident when a gymnast &quot;tucks&quot; during a somersault by bringing her arms and legs towards the center of gravity, reducing the moment of inertia. As a result, she rotates faster. Conversely, when the gymnast &quot;opens out&quot; prior to landing, increasing the moment of inertia, her rate of rotation decreases.
	<ul>
		<li>It&#39;s a common misconception that changes in rotational speed (angular velocity) are due to changes in air resistance; this is not the case.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Angular momentum can&#39;t be created or destroyed unless there&#39;s an external torque.
	<ul>
		<li>Once an athlete is in the air, it is not possible to change the angular momentum of the whole body.</li>
		<li>If one part of the body increases its angular velocity (e.g., by muscle contraction), another part must slow down (reduce its angular velocity) to ensure the angular momentum of the whole body stays the same. When the first part slows down, the second part will speed up again.</li>
		<li>This principle is used in activities such as the piked dive.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

Real-world examples

<ul>
	<li>Gymnastics: When performing somersaults or twists, gymnasts often tuck their bodies to rotate faster, and then extend their bodies to slow down before landing.</li>
	<li>Figure Skating: When performing a spin, skaters bring their arms and legs close to their bodies to spin faster, and extend them to slow down.</li>
	<li>Diving: Divers use the conservation of angular momentum to control their rotation in mid-air, for instance by tucking into a ball or opening up before entering the water.</li>
	<li>High Jump: Athletes manipulate their bodies during the flight phase to clear the bar efficiently while conserving angular momentum.</li>
	<li>Long Jump: Jumpers use their arms and legs to control rotation and posture in the air while conserving angular momentum.</li>
</ul>

Unlock The Secrets Of Angular Momentum In Sports: A Must-Read Guide

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Higher Level

Sports, Exercise & Health Science HL

Chapter 4 - Movement Analysis

Unlock The Secrets Of Angular Momentum In Sports: A Must-Read Guide

Table of content

Definition

Generation of angular momentum

Unlock the Full Content!

Chapter 4 - Movement Analysis

Unlock The Secrets Of Angular Momentum In Sports: A Must-Read Guide

Table of content

Definition

Generation of angular momentum

Unlock the Full Content!