• Definition: A post-truth public sphere is one where discourse is shaped by emotions and personal beliefs rather than facts and policies. This phenomenon has been prevalent in various political outcomes worldwide, including the Brexit vote and the 2016 US Presidential election. Despite this, the concept of a 'post-truth' era is contested and is seen by some as a false narrative.

• Bubbles: In today's world, we often choose to surround ourselves with similar individuals, both physically and on social media. This behaviour fosters an environment where we accept only information that matches our existing views, leading to a possible post-truth era.

Real-world example: Imagine being a huge fan of a particular music band and joining a fan club online. Within this group, all news that praises the band is accepted without question, but any criticism or negative reviews are dismissed as 'fake news'. This is an example of a bubble.

• Influence of Internet: The internet and social media platforms have arguably contributed significantly to the rise of post-truth politics. These platforms are often accused of spreading 'fake news' or disinformation that manipulates public opinion.

Real-world example: In the 2016 US Presidential election, false information about the candidates was widely spread on social media, affecting voters' perceptions and possibly influencing the election outcome.

• Expert opinions vs Values-based political signalling: Critics of the term 'post-truth' believe that it is not about disregarding facts or empirical judgement but rather choosing values-based political signalling over expert opinions.

Real-world example: In the debates around climate change, some groups might disregard the scientific consensus and instead promote policies or ideas that align with their economic or political interests.

• False Balance: This refers to media's attempt to provide 'balanced' coverage by presenting opposing viewpoints, even when there's overwhelming consensus on one side. This can lead to public confusion and the politicization of issues.

Real-world example: The media has often been criticized for presenting climate change as a 'debate', despite overwhelming scientific consensus on its reality and human cause.

• The Influence of Fake News: Fake news is information that is not based on facts but is still accepted and spread by people. This phenomenon can significantly sway public opinion and is often used for political gain.

Real-world example: The spread of false information about the dangers of vaccines has led to decreased vaccination rates in some communities, despite scientific consensus on their safety and efficacy.