To what extent does the Australian and Malaysian originated carrots (Daucus carota) affect the concentrations of β-carotene present by extracting β-carotene from the Daucus carota from using solvent extraction and measuring the absorbance of β-carotene using a UV Spectrophotometer, followed by calculating the concentration of β-carotene present in both origins of Daucus carota?
The consumption of vegetables over the years has been increasing tremendously due to the myriad of people changing their lifestyles in order to lead healthier lives. Furthermore, the consumption of organically-produced foods has been drastically increasing due to the attention it obtains from social media. Thus, there is a paradigm shift in terms of food choices as now, more people are consuming healthier foods. According to a survey done by The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements in 2015, it showed that the growth in the market for organic foods (vegetables) had increased almost five-fold since 1999 [15.2 bn $USD] to 2013 [72.0 bn $USD] (Willer). This statistic supports the fact that the consumption of vegetables is ever growing.
Australian farms predominantly grow their vegetables organically. This means that about 25 pesticides are only allowed to be used to produce organic foods as compared to conventional production in Malaysia where over 900 pesticides can be used (Roseboro). Additionally, This is also another contributing factor to why so many people prefer organically-produced food over conventionally grown foods as it is a healthier option. However, the price allocated to organically-produced foods is considerably higher than conventionally grown foods. I wanted to see whether the concentration β-carotene correlated with the origin of the Daucus carota (CABI) itself. Moreover, I wanted to know why my parents would rather buy carrots from a specific origin such as Australia, even when given the high price?
β-carotene is the orange pigment which is found in photosynthetic organisms. It is instrumental in photosynthesis, and is an accessory pigment in the light-dependent reaction. It is also an antenna pigment due to its properties, enabling it to form protein complexes such as photosystems that absorb photons of light (Andrew Allot). β-carotene’s main function is to essentially defend the plant from molecular oxidation from singlet oxygen which are produced from chlorophyll triplet states. Singlet oxygen is a highly unstable molecule produced during photosynthesis and can lead to oxidation or isomerisation of the plant. Oxidation or isomerisation could hinder the process of photosynthesis in the plant.
UV-Spectrophotometry will be used to determine the concentration of β-carotene present in the Daucus carota. It essentially measures the absorbance of a particular solution in order to determine the concentration of β-carotene. Based on the absorption spectrum of β-carotene, β-carotene absorbs the most light around 410nm-490nm(Evens). Hence, the colour region would be calibrated to the green-blue colour region according to the respective wavelength chosen, in this case being 450nm. Once the absorbance of β-carotene is determined, the concentration of β-carotene can be calculated using
\(\frac{A×V(ml)\times10^4}{A^{1\%}_ {1cm}\times \ P\ (g)}\)
A refers the absorbance used [450nm], V refers to the volume of β-carotene extracted. P refers to the weight of Daucus carota used and \(A^{1\%}_ {1cm}\) represents the β-carotene coefficient [2500] (Cucurbita Moschata Duch).
Organic farming uses a higher concentration of potassium/K+ ions as compared to conventional farming methods (Fess ID, Benedito). The increase in K+ ions correlates with the increase in ATP [Adenine tri-phosphate] formation during aerobic respiration in the plant. More ATP corresponds to a higher rate of hypertrophy, which increases the size of the organelles. Therefore, having an enlarged cell would allow for a higher concentration of β-carotene to occupy the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts (Bogacz-Radomska, Harasym). Furthermore, a study indicated that photosynthetic rate can also be affected by the concentration of metal ions present in the air (Tarek Houri, Yara Khirallah, et al). This would lead to the decline in the concentration of β-carotene as metal ions and primary pollutants attack the chloroplast, leading to the destruction of its organelles (Sewelam, et al). Since β-carotene is located in the thylakoid membrane, it would also be adversely affected. Metal pollution is determined to be higher in Malaysia than in Australia (Bernhard A, et al), (Laidlaw, et al). Therefore, this leads to the hypothesis.
H1:The Australian Daucus carota will contain a higher concentration of β-carotene as compared to Malaysian Daucus carota.
H0: There is no statistical significance between the concentrations of β-carotene between the Malaysian and Australian originated Daucus Carota.
Independent Variable | How does it impact the experiment? | How is it controlled? |
---|---|---|
The origin of Daucus carota | The differing origins will determine whether different regions of Daucus carota would affect the concentration of β-carotene. Moreover, differing origins would have different masses of β-carotene which would support our conclusion | Daucus carota were only Australia originated and Malaysian originated bought from Haomart. |
Dependent Variable | How does it impact the experiment? | How is the variable measured? |
---|---|---|
Concentration of β-carotene | The difference in the concentration of β-carotene would determine which originated Daucus carota would be more nutritious | The UV-Spectrophotometer was set to 450nm. The quantification of β-carotene is done using wavelengths ranging from |
410nm-490nm. Thus the average wavelength was used. (ResearchGate) |
Controlled Variable | How does it impact the experiment? | How is the variable controlled? |
---|---|---|
Source where Daucus carota was bought | Buying the Daucus carota from different sources could affect the precision of the data even as different sources of the same origin could differ in the concentrations of β-carotene | The vegetable was bought from one store and was all bought on the same day. Australian carrots were only bought from Pasar and Malaysian carrots were only bought from HAO MART. |
The freshness of Daucus carota | If the Daucus carota produce is not fresh, it could affect the concentration of β-carotene as compared to when it was fresh. | The experiment was conducted a day after the vegetables were bought. |
Mass of Daucus carota measured in order to determine the concentration of β-carotene. | Using a different mass every time would result in a higher or lower concentration of β-carotene. Thus affecting the precision of the results. | 10 grams of Daucus carota was weighed using an electronic balance and this mass was used constantly. Thus making the experiment a fair one. |
Temperature in which the experiment is conducted | A different temperature could affect the concentration of β-carotene as it could undergo oxidation or isomerisation (Fardiyah, Qonitah, et al.). | All the trials were conducted at 25˚C room temperature using a thermostat to regulate the temperature. |
Volume of hexane used. | Using differing volumes of hexane would result in different volumes of β-carotene being extracted. Furthermore, using too much would not be ethically or environmentally considerate due to the wastage. | Used a constant volume of 25 cm3 using a25 cm3 measuring cylinder\(\bigg(±0.5cm^3\bigg)\) |
Percentage concentration of sodium chloride used | Using a different concentration of sodium chloride | Keeping the concentration of sodium chloride constant at 10% through dilution |
Wavelength of spectrophotometer | Using differing wavelengths would cause inaccuracies in the data as each solution has a different specific molar absorptivity constant (Chem 125). | The UV-Spectrophotometer will be set to 450nm to determine the absorbance of the β-carotene extracted as this was the wavelength used in other scientific journals (ResearchGate). This absorbance reading is then used in the formula to calculate the concentration |
Usage of the same standard cuvette with the same dimensions | Using different cuvettes would result in different path lengths and this would skew the precision of the data. | Using the standard cuvette with a path length of 1 cm. |
Apparatus | Size | Quantity | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
Knife | - | 1 | - |
Gas syringe | 50 cm3 | 1 | ± 1 cm3 |
Pestle and Mortar | - | 1 | - |
Electronic Balance | - | 1 | ± 0.01 g |
Spectrophotometer | - | 1 | ± 0.005 ABS |
Measuring Cylinder | 50.0 cm3 | 1 | ± 0.5 cm3 |
Separating Funne | 500 cm3 | 2 | - |
Retort Strand | - | 2 | - |
Conical Flask | 250 cm3 | 2 | - |
Measuring Cylinder | 25.0 cm3 | 2 | ± 0.5 cm3 |
Measuring Cylinder | 100 cm3 | 2 | ± 1 cm3 |
Carrots of Malaysian and Australian origins | - | 10 carrots for each origin | - |
Droppers | - | 10 | - |
Filter paper | - | 20 | - |
Cuvette | - | 20 | - |
Chemicals | Size | Quantity | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
Hexane | - | 500 cm3 | - |
Acetone | - | 1100 cm3 | - |
Water | - | 2000 cm3 | - |
10% Sodium Chloride Solution | - | 2000 cm3 | \(\bigg(\frac{1}{100} + \frac{0.01}{10}\bigg)\times100{\%}\\= ± 1.1\%\) |
In order to obtain the concentration of the β-carotene, the process will be needed to be split into 3 separate sections. The first process requires the extraction of carotene from the carrot. This is followed by measuring the absorbance of the carotene. Finally, the absorbance of all the values will be used to calculate the concentration of β-carotene. A t-test is then used in order to evaluate the accuracy of the data (Rodriguez-Amaya).
concentration of β-carotene,\(\frac{A×V(ml)\times10^4}{A^{1\%}_{1cm} × P \ (g)}\).
Where A: Absorbance reading found at 450nm
V: Total extracted volume of β-carotene in mL
\(A^{1\%}_{1cm}\) β-carotene coefficient at 2500
P: Sample weight in grams
A T-test will also be used. This is to determine the statistical significance as well as determine whether there is a significant difference in terms of their β-carotene concentrations.
The formula is: t = \(\frac{(x_1-x_2)}{\sqrt{\frac{(s_1)^2}{n_1}+\frac{(s_2)^2}{n_2}}}.\) x1 and x2 is the mean of the sample sizes of each origin of Daucus carota(Australian and Malaysian). s1 and s2 refer to the standard deviation of each sample while n is the sample size of each origin.