Hair is probably one of the first things one notices about someone. Healthy and shiny hair always leaves an impression, and thus proper hair care is necessary. I recently started using a new shampoo under the influence of a super star who was advertising for it. A few weeks later, I realized that I was suffering from an increased hair loss than usual. My dermatologist suspected that this was because the pH of that particular shampoo was lower than usual. To further examine whether basic, acidic, or neutral nature is suitable for our hair, I decided to perform my Chemistry Internal Assessment on this topic. The pH of a solution used on hair has an effect on a protein called keratin present in hair. A holistic knowledge of Chemistry, specifically Acid and Bases, and Biology was necessary to explore this topic. The significance of my internal assessment is to find out ideal the pH of a shampoo to make sure keratin in hair is not subjected to any damage and thus hair remains healthy.
How does the average rate of acidic hydrolysis of the protein keratin depend on the pH at which it is carried out? Determined using a colorimeter.
Proteins: Proteins are condensed polymers. Chains of amino acids are linked to each other through peptide linkages to form proteins. Amino acids are called so as they contain both, the carboxylic acid group as well as the amine group. The formation of a protein can be explained thus: when 2 amino acids react with each other, the water molecule is eliminated and the 2 molecules condense to form a peptide linkage. In this way, the chain can be elongated to form more peptide linkages and that leads to the formation of protein. Thus, proteins are several amino acids linked to each other through peptide linkages.
Acidic Hydrolysis of proteins: Proteins undergo acidic hydrolysis where the peptide linkages are broken when the protein is treated with water in the presence of acid. Following this process, individual amino acids are obtained. In this particular experiment, the rate of acidic hydrolysis of the protein keratin as a function of pH, will be tested.
Biuret Test: Biuret test is the quantitative estimation of the components of polypeptides. The biuret reagent mainly consists of an alkaline solution of copper sulfate which is blue in color. The peptide linkages in protein chains react with the biuret reagent to form a violet complex which shows the maximum absorption at 550 nanometer.
A | Absorbance | Au |
ε | Molar absorptivity constant | abs mol-1 dm2 |
c | Molar concentration | mol dm-3 |
l | Optical path length | dm |
Epsilon (ε), depends on the chemical used. Since the type of chemical is constant for all experiments, ε is a constant. The same apparatus (colorimeter) is used to measure the absorbance for all experiments, thus the optical path length (l) is constant. Therefore, absorbance directly relates to molar concentration such that, A ∝ c Thus, the molar concentration can be measured in terms of absorbance.
Focus of investigation - The investigation mainly focuses to determine the rate of acidic hydrolysis of keratin as a function of pH. This will enable us to understand what should be the ideal pH of the shampoo. If we can find the pH at which the rate of reaction is minimum, keratin will not be lost due to the acidic hydrolysis.
Experimental methodology - First, a human hair sample will be taken. Keratin will be extracted from the sample using ethanol and sodium carbonate. Following this, buffer tablets of different pH will be added to the solution containing extracted protein. A part of the solution will be pipetted out, to which the biuret reagent will be added. The absorbance of the violet complex obtained after adding the biuret reagent is calculated. The absorbance will then be measured at various intervals of time and a graph of absorbance against time will be plotted. The rate of reaction will thus be determined from the gradient of the curve.
Graphical determination of rate - The rate of reaction can be determined by \(\frac{∆c}{∆t}\) , where ∆c is change of concentration and ∆t is change in time. If concentration is plotted against time on a graph, then the gradient of the curve will give us the rate of the reaction.
ΔA - change in absorbance
ΔT - change in time
According to beer lambert law, absorbance is directly proportional to molar concentration, thus we can plot absorbance instead of concentration and hence the rate can be determined from the gradient of the absorbance v/s time curve.
This section refers to the research paper titled “Influence of hydrolysis temperature and pH on the selective hydrolysis of whey proteins by trypsin and potential recovery of native alpha-lactalbumin” published in the International Dairy Journal. The research is based on the effect of temperature and pressure on the hydrolysis of whey protein using bovine trypsin as an enzyme. Rate of the reaction was measure by the high performance liquid chromatography method. It was observed that above pH 8.5, the rate has started to decrease, while below pH 6.0 the rate was much higher.
The rate of hydrolysis of keratin protein has no correlaion with the pH at which it is being carried out.
The rate of acid hydrolysis of the keratin protein has a correlation with the pH at which it is carried out.
Type of variable | Variable | Method of variation\measure | Apparatus used |
---|---|---|---|
Independent variable | pH of the variable | Buffer tablets of pH 2.00, 4.00, 9.00 and 11.00 were used. This was done to investigate the effect of both an acidic pH as well as an alkaline pH on the rate of acidic hydrolysis. Thus, 2 acidic and 2 alkaline buffer tablets were used. | - |
Dependent variable | Rate of acidic hydrolysis of protein keratin | Keratin was extracted from human hair using sodium carbonate. This was dissolved in ethanol, to which buffer tablets of different pH were added. The biuret reagent was added to this solution at an interval of time, which produced a violet complex. The absorbance of the violet complex was measured. The rate of the reaction was calculated from the absorbance v/s time graph. | Digital photo-colorimeter |
Variable | Why is it controlled? | How is it controlled? | Apparatus used |
---|---|---|---|
Mass of hair sample | The amount of protein obtained will vary according to the mass of hair | 2gm of hair is used as a sample in all trials | Digital mass balance |
Wavelength at which the colorimeter is used | Absorbance of the violet complex depends on the wavelength at which the it is measured | Wavelength of the photo- colorimeter was kept constant at 550 nanometer | Digital colorimeter |
Volume of solvent used | The amount of protein extracted from the human hair will also depend on the volume of the solvent used | 50 cm3 of ethanol was taken for all trials | Graduated measuring cylinder |
Reagent used to determine protein content | The accuracy of the method used to determine protein also depends on the method which has been adopted to determine the protein content | Biuret test used for all trials | - |
Materials | Quantity | Sources |
---|---|---|
Human hair strand | 20 samples of 2gm each | Healthy, untreated human hair strand taken from the same subject, from the same area of the scalp |
Ethanol | 100 cm3 | School laboratory |
Sodium carbonate (s) | 0.1g | School laboratory |
Copper sulphate solution | 2 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 | School laboratory |
NaOH solution | 1 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 | School laboratory |
Buffer solution | Differs according to the sample | School laboratory |
Apparatus | Quantity | Least count | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
Colorimeter | 1 | 0.001 | ±0.001 |
Digital mass balance | 1 | 0.01 | ±0.01 |
Watch glass | - | - | |
Beaker (500 cm3) | 12 | - | - |
Funnel | 1 | - | - |
Pipette | 1 | 0.1 | ±0.05 |
Forceps | 1 | - | - |
Spatula | - | - | |
Mortar and pestle | - | - | |
Bunsen burner | 1 | - | - |
Scissors | 1 | - | - |
Risk associated | Measures taken |
---|---|
Sodium Hydroxide causes irritation of the skin, eyes, lungs or nasal passages. | Protective clothing like gloves, lab coat and safety goggles were used. No chemicals was ingested or exposed to skin. All solutions were prepared and transferred carefully to avoid spillage |
Ethanol vapors if inhaled or contacted by skin can be a source of localised irritation. | Protective clothing like gloves, lab coat and safety goggles were used. No chemicals was ingested or exposed to skin. All solutions were prepared and transferred carefully to avoid spillage |
Copper sulphate consumption can lead to nausea, vomiting, and damage to body tissues, blood cells, the liver, and kidneys. | No chemicals was ingested |
Sodium carbonate inhalation can lead to respiratory tract irritation, coughing, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema | No chemicals was ingested or exposed to skin. All solutions were prepared and transferred carefully to avoid spillage |
Preparation of 100 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 CuSO4×5H2O | Preparation of 100 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 NaOH |
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Molar mass (Mr) of CuSO4×5H2O = 159.609 g/mol | Molar mass (Mr) of NaOH = 39.997 g/mol |
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Sample calculation:
For Day-0,
\(Average = \frac{0.329+0.328+0.329+0.324+0.329}{5} = 0.328\)
Standard deviation
= \(\frac{(0.329−0.328)^2+(0.329−0.328)^2+(0.329−0.328)^2+(0.324−0.328)+(0.329−0.328)^2}{5}= 0.002\)
Equation of trend line | Gradient | Rate in abs day-1 |
y=0.115x + 0.194 | 0.115 | 11.50 x 10-2 |
Equation of trend line | Gradient | Rate in abs day-1 |
y = 0.076 x + 0.155 | 0.076 | 7.60 X 10-2 |
Equation of trend line | Gradient | Rate in abs day-1 |
y = 0.059x + 0.057 | 0.059 | 5.90 X 10-2 |
Equation of trend line | Gradient | Rate in abs day-1 |
y = 0.031x + 0.048 | 0.031 | 3.10 X 10-2 |
pH ± 0.01 | Rate in abs day-1 X 10-2 |
---|---|
2.00 | 11.50 |
4.00 | 7.60 |
9.00 | 5.90 |
11.00 | 3.10 |
The independent variable, pH of solution, has been plotted in the x-axis. Rate has been plotted in the y-axis as it is the dependent variable. Concentration is measured in terms of absorbance and time is measured in terms of days, thus the rate has been measured in terms of absorbance per day.
We can see that rate decreases from 11.50 abs day-1 × 10-2 to 7.60 abs day-1 × 10-2 in acidic region as the pH increases. In the basic region, rate decreases from 5.90 abs day-1 × 10-2 to 3.10 abs day-1 × 10-2 as the pH increases.
As the pH increases, the acidity of the medium decreases and so does the rate of reaction. Thus it can be concluded that the reaction is favored in acidic medium. As the pH is increasing, the medium becomes more alkaline, the rate decreases. Thus this data also confirms that reaction is favored in an acidic medium.
Peptide linkages or amide bonds can be broken by amide hydrolysis, where the linkages are cleaved due to the addition of water molecule. The metastable peptide bonds will break spontaneously in a slow process. The H+ ion in the water molecule will facilitate the reaction between carbon and oxygen molecule, thus forming a tetrahedral intermediate. The intermediate ultimately dissociates to carboxylic acid and ammonium salt.
The H+ ion facilitates the breaking of the carbon nitrogen bond. As pH is increasing, the concentration of H+ ions increases, and rate increases because hydrolysis of linkage is facilitated.
Since there was no observed trend, no trend line has been plotted in the graphs. The value of regression coefficient cannot be calculated as the data does not belong to any specific category or is not continuous (values in the x-axis are not continuous). Thus, we cannot do any statistical analysis in this graph.
The basic aim of my investigation was to understand how the rate of acidic hydrolysis of the protein keratin depends on the pH at which it is carried out. It has been very clearly observed that the rate of the reaction of acidic hydrolysis of keratin protein at pH 2.00, 4.00, 9.00 and 11.00 are 11.50 X 10-2 , 7.60 X 10-2 , 5.90 X 10-2 , and 3.10 X 10-2 in terms of absorbance per day respectively.
Although there is no evident trend in the data, it is very clear that rate differs with pH. As the pH increases from 2.00 to 4.00, the rate changes from 11.50 X 10-2 to 7.60 X 10-2 . Thus, in the acidic region, as the pH becomes less acidic the rate decreases. As the pH increases from 9.00 to 11.00, the rate changes from 5.90 X 10-2 to 3.10 X 10-2 . Therefore, in the basic region, as the pH increases and the medium becomes more basic the rate of reaction decreases. From this we can conclude that the reaction is favored in the presence of H+ ions, or an acidic environment. As the medium becomes more acidic, the hydrolysis occurs at a faster rate. It is also seen that as the pH increases, the medium becomes less acidic and the rate decreases.
The qualitative observations are in agreement with the above made conclusions. As we move towards a higher pH value, the intensity of the violet color obtained was lesser, and the time taken for the violet color to change its intensity was also more. The lower intensity of the violet color indicates that polypeptide in the solution is decreasing, which supports the conclusion.
Since there are significant differences in the values for the rate against the pH, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate hypothesis is accepted.
The scientific explanation to this is the hydrolysis mechanism of amides. Breaking of the peptide bonds involves the H+ ions in the mechanism. Oxygen donates its lone pair to H plus ions and gets protonated, leading to the formation of an intermediate. Thus the carbon nitrogen bond is broken. If medium is more acidic, the mechanism is favored. Intermediate is formed more readily and the hydrolysis occurs at a faster rate
Random error: The uncertainty of apparatus used and human error. It was minimized by taking multiple readings and taking the average.
Systematic error: The colorimeter will have an instrumental error associated with it due to fluctuation of voltages at which it is operating. This was minimized by calibrated the colorimeter before using it. Distilled water was taken in the cuvette and put it in the colorimeter. The wavelength was fixed at approximately 530 nanometer and the absorbance was made
Sampling error: Hair might differ in composition as well as the amount of keratin content in them. To avoid the sampling error, it was made sure that all the samples were collected from the same source, that is from the same person, and the same area of the skull in order keep them biologically same
Further scope of investigation: I would also like to study the effect of pH on the rate of denaturation of the protein albumin. The methodology that could be followed is stated below:
“24.4: Hydrolysis of Amides.” Chemistry LibreTexts, 26 Nov. 2014, chem.libretexts.org/?title=Bookshelves%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FBook%3A_Basic_Principles_of_Or ganic_Chemistry_%28Roberts_and_Caserio%29%2F24%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_II- _Amides%2C_Nitriles%2C_%26_Nitro_Compounds%2F24.04%3A_Hydrolysis_of_Amides. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020.
“Advansta Inc.” Advansta Inc., 2020, http://www.advansta.com/wiki/doku.php?id=protein_quantification. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. B BIOCHEMISTRY 1 CHEMISTRY FOR THE IB DIPLOMA Option B Biochemistry. 2014.
“Organic Chemistry 3510, Proteins and Amino Acids.” Uwplatt.Edu, 2019, people.uwplatt.edu/~sundin/351/351h-pro.htm.
“Protein Determination by the Biuret Method.” Rice.Edu, 2019, http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/methods/protein/biuret.html. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
Soult, Allison. “13.2: Peptides.” Chemistry LibreTexts, 5 Aug. 2016, chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kentucky/UK%3A_CHE_103_- _Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)/Chapters/Chapter_13%3A_Amino_Acids_and_Proteins/13.2%3A_Pept ides.
J. Parker. “Peptide Bond - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” Sciencedirect.Com, 2015, http://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/peptide-bond
“Biuret Test: Definition, Theory, Procedure, and Results.” Chemistry Learner, 13 Jan. 2020, http://www.chemistrylearner.com/biuret-test.html.
Cheison, Seronei C., et al. “Influence of Hydrolysis Temperature and PH on the Selective Hydrolysis of Whey Proteins by Trypsin and Potential Recovery of Native Alpha-Lactalbumin.” International Dairy Journal, vol. 21, no. 3, Mar. 2011, pp. 166–171, 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.09.008. Accessed 5 Mar. 2019.