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Keycap Digit One

Theme D - Continuity & Change

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Direct Hit

Theme A - Unity & diversity

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Page Facing Up

Theme B - Form & Function

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Pill

Theme C - Interaction &  Interdependence

<ul>
	<li>As succession (a series of progressive changes in the types of plant communities that occupy an area through time) continues, the changes become slower.</li>
	<li>Ultimately, a climax community develops, remaining stable unless disturbed.
	<ul>
		<li>🏔 Example: In Glacier Bay, western hemlock trees grow on steep, well-drained slopes. However, on shallow slopes with poor drainage, we get muskeg swamp.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Plagioclimax: A stable community that arises because of human intervention.
	<ul>
		<li>If we humans meddle with nature, succession can be halted or deflected, leading to this.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Pastoral farming = keeping animals like cattle and sheep for farming.</li>
	<li>These animals are protected, so they can have high populations.</li>
	<li>They eat grass. While grass can withstand this, young trees and shrubs can&#39;t.
	<ul>
		<li>Effect: Areas that should turn into forests remain grasslands.</li>
		<li>🐃 Real-World Example: Bison in North America&#39;s Great Plains &amp; elephants in Africa prevent forests because of their heavy grazing!</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Swamps = areas filled with water. Certain plants and animals thrive here due to less oxygen.</li>
	<li>Less oxygen also means less decomposition. Result? Peat is formed.
	<ul>
		<li>Peat Bogs: In temperate areas, waterlogged zones with heaps of peat. Dominated by Sphagnum mosses.</li>
		<li>🌍 Climate Bonus: These bogs store loads of carbon, reducing atmospheric CO2.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Humans sometimes drain these swamps to grow crops
	<ul>
		<li>Drains can be ditches or underground pipes.</li>
		<li>Once drained, the plant community changes as drier land plants move in.</li>
		<li>If not used for farming, trees might grow.</li>
		<li>But if water returns, the trees might die and the peat bog comes back.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Artificial vs. Natural Processes: How are they different? Think about what&#39;s human-made vs. what happens without our interference.</li>
	<li>Using Mesocosms in Ecosystem Studies
	<ul>
		<li>Strengths? Limitations? A mesocosm is a controlled environment that replicates natural conditions. How accurate can it be? (Refer to D4.2.4)</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Selective Breeding vs. Evolution by Natural Selection
	<ul>
		<li>🐶 Think: Poodles vs. wolves adapting to their environment. What&#39;s the difference? (Check A4.1.3)</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): A process where an egg is fertilized outside the body. Ever wondered how it&#39;s done? (Peek into D3.1.7)</li>
	<li>Changes Over Time
	<ul>
		<li>How do climax ecosystems remain stable? (Dive into D4.2.15)</li>
		<li>How has atmospheric CO2 changed since the 1950s? (Explore C4.2.20)</li>
		<li>When did the first cell appear, and who was the last common ancestor of all beings? (Discover in A2.1.7)</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

🌟 Remember, Biology isn&#39;t just about memorizing facts. It&#39;s about understanding the marvelous dance of life on Earth! 🌟

Unlock Secrets of Climax Communities!

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Higher Level

Biology HL

Theme D - Continuity & Change

Unlock Secrets of Climax Communities!

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Climax Communities & Succession 🌱

Grazing & Impact on Ecosystems 🐄

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Theme D - Continuity & Change

Unlock Secrets of Climax Communities!

Table of content

Climax Communities & Succession 🌱

Grazing & Impact on Ecosystems 🐄

Unlock the Full Content!