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 Globe with Meridians

Chapter 3 - Classification Of Matter

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Atom Symbol

Chapter 1 - Models Of The Particulate Nature Of Matter

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Chapter 2 - Models Of Bonding & Structure

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Fire

Chapter 4 - What Drives Chemical Reactions?

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Rocket

Chapter 5 - How Much, How Fast & How Far?

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Test Tube

Chapter 6 - What Are The Mechanisms Of Chemical Change?

🌈 Fun Fact: Ever hear about mood rings that change color? Many of them owe their magic to transition metal compounds. Let&#39;s dive into this colorful world!

<ul>
	<li>Transition elements have this cool ability to form multiple stable ions. These ions have different oxidation states, making them &quot;variable.&quot;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Real-world example: Manganese gives batteries and stainless steel their life. Without it, they wouldn&#39;t be as efficient.</li>
	<li>Common oxidation states: +2, +4, +7.</li>
	<li>Oxides formed:
	<ul>
		<li>manganese(II) oxide</li>
		<li>manganese(IV) oxide</li>
		<li>manganese(VII) oxide</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>The secret lies in their ionization energies! For transition elements, the energies required to remove successive electrons are close.</li>
	<li>Let&#39;s visualize this with two celebrities of the transition world: Chromium and Copper.</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Real-world example: Chrome is not just a browser! Chromium gives that shiny look to car parts and kitchen appliances.</li>
	<li>Oxidation states: +1 to +6.</li>
	<li>Electron behavior: Loses its 4s1 electron first, followed by d electrons.</li>
	<li>Common ions and configurations:
	<ul>
		<li>Cr3+: [Ar] 3d3</li>
		<li>CrO42&minus; and Cr2O72&minus;: [Ar]</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Real-world example: Copper is why the Statue of Liberty is green. Its outer layer oxidizes, giving it that iconic color.</li>
	<li>Copper forms fewer ions than Chromium because the energy increments to remove electrons are larger.</li>
	<li>Common ions and configurations:
	<ul>
		<li>Cu+: [Ar] 3d10</li>
		<li>Cu2+: [Ar] 3d9</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Higher oxidation states? They&#39;re rare but can be found in some superconductors!</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Till the 1920s, folks thought Scandium had only one ion: Sc3+. Surprise! It has more.</li>
	<li>Electron configurations:
	<ul>
		<li>Sc3+: [Ar] 4s2 3d1</li>
		<li>Sc2+: [Ar]3d1</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Real-world example: Ever seen those bright, white lights in sports arenas? Some of them use scandium!</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Homework challenge!</li>
	<li>a. Condensed electron configuration of vanadium?</li>
	<li>b. Why +5 oxidation state is common for vanadium?</li>
</ul>

💡 Remember: These elements are all around you! From batteries to statues, transition elements are making our world colorful and functional. Happy studying! 📚🌈

Chapter 3 - Classification Of Matter

Discovering Variable Oxidation States In Transition Elements

Table of content

Variable oxidation states - what’s that? 🤷

Manganese & its oxidation states 🥈

Why these variable states? 🧪

Unlock the Full Content!

Chapter 3 - Classification Of Matter

Discovering Variable Oxidation States In Transition Elements

Table of content

Variable oxidation states - what’s that? 🤷

Manganese & its oxidation states 🥈

Why these variable states? 🧪

Unlock the Full Content!