Cities often grow due to their strategic locations at trade routes. For instance, Cairo flourished due to its position at the junction of African, Asian, and European trade routes. Another example is Paris, which expanded due to its location on the Seine, making it an optimal point for trade and communications.

Some cities evolve around valuable raw materials. For example, Johannesburg and Kimberley in South Africa, known for their gold and diamond reserves, have grown into significant mining and industrial areas.

Cities often transform based on economic shifts. Many fishing villages, like those along the Spanish Costas, have turned into popular tourist resorts. South Korea, once primarily agricultural, has seen rapid urbanization and industrialization since the 1950s.

Politics can also shape urban areas. New capital cities like Brasilia, Canberra, and Ottawa have developed crucial administrative roles, while planned cities like Putrajaya in Malaysia and Incheon in South Korea are now centers for government services and high-tech industries.