Reducing Consumption and Composting: Try to use less, throw away less. For instance, producers can design goods with longer lifespans and reduce packaging. Consumers can also choose products with less packaging and longer lifespans. Remember when grandpa used to say, "Buy it for life"?

• Real-world example: Have you noticed those eco-friendly straws? They are one way to reduce consumption. And instead of throwing vegetable peels in the trash, why not compost them for your home garden?

Reusing Goods: A 'revamp and reuse' strategy! Bring-back schemes (like milk bottles), refurbishing goods (like car tyres), and repurposing used goods (plastic bags as bin liners).

• Real-world example: Remember when milk used to be delivered in glass bottles that were collected, cleaned, and refilled? It's a classic case of reuse! Also, old clothes can be made into cleaning rags, and used tires can be made into swings or used in landscaping projects.

Recovering Value: From waste to resource! Recycling goods, composting biodegradable waste, and incinerating waste to collect heat and electricity.

• Real-world example: You've probably seen recycling bins for paper, glass, and plastic. Ever wonder where it all goes? It's reused to make new products, saving resources and energy.

Disposal in Landfills: Here's the last resort, putting waste into a hole or using it to make artificial hills.

• Real-world example: Remember that big hill you see when you're driving out of the city? Chances are, that's a landfill.

Cultural, economic, technological, and political factors also affect these strategies. For example, whether it is culturally acceptable, affordable, achievable with available technology, and whether there is political support.

Waste production is increasing globally and is composed of a variety of materials. High-income countries (HICs) generate more waste than low-income countries (LICs), and waste increases during festivities like Christmas, Easter, Ramadan, Diwali, birthdays, etc.

Much of the world’s rubbish is generated by city dwellers. By 2025, China's urban population will generate 1.4 billion tonnes of waste, a significant increase from 520 million tonnes in 2015.