Geography HL
13
Chapters
193
Notes
Option A - Freshwater – Drainage basins
Option B - Oceans & Coastal Margins
Option C - Extreme Environments
Option D - Geophysical Hazards
Option E - Leisure, Tourism & Sport
Option F - The Geography Of Food & Health
Option G - Urban Environments
Unit 1 - Changing Population
UNIT 2 - Global Climate - Vulnerability & Resilience
Unit 3 - Global Resource Consumption & Security
Unit 4 - Power, Places & Networks
Unit 5 - Human Development & Diversity
Unit 6 - Global Risks & Resilience
Geography HL
Unit 6 - Global Risks & Resilience
Unveiling New Threats to State Sovereignty: Tax Evasion and Tech Innovations Explained
654 words
4 mins read
Last edited on 16th Oct 2024
Table of content
Threats to sovereignty
- Threats to the sovereignty of states have emerged with evolving global dynamics.
- Examples include profit repatriation, tax avoidance, and disruptive technological innovations.
Profit repatriation
- Profit repatriation refers to moving profits from a foreign country back to the home country.
- Example: Volkswagen Group earning profits globally, then sending a portion back to Germany.
- This is influenced by laws which vary between countries.
- Example: China allows up to 90% of profits to be repatriated if certain norms are fulfilled.
Tax avoidance
- Some corporations and wealthy individuals use strategies to reduce their tax liabilities.
- Subsidiaries: Companies open subsidiaries in countries with lower corporate taxes.
- Example: Apple Inc. paid less tax in Ireland due to a special agreement, avoiding larger US corporation taxes.
- Agreements: Some companies have special agreements with governments, sometimes deemed unlawful.
- Example: Apple in Ireland, Fiat in Luxembourg, Starbucks in the Netherlands.
- Personal Strategies: Wealthy individuals might move to low-tax countries or use complex financial structures.
- Example: Jensen Button living in Monaco; Philip Green managing his businesses via a holding company based in Monaco.
- Effects: LICs are estimated to lose up to $124 billion per year from tax avoidance by TNCs and the super-rich.
The panama papers
- The Panama Papers exposed how wealthy individuals exploit secretive offshore tax regimes.
- Example: Vladimir Putin, Nawaz Sharif, Ayad Allawi, and other politicians were discovered using offshore tax havens.
Unlock the Full Content! 
Dive deeper and gain exclusive access to premium files of Geography HL. Subscribe now and get closer to that 45 🌟
Geography HL
Unit 6 - Global Risks & Resilience
Unveiling New Threats to State Sovereignty: Tax Evasion and Tech Innovations Explained
654 words
4 mins read
Last edited on 16th Oct 2024
Table of content
Threats to sovereignty
- Threats to the sovereignty of states have emerged with evolving global dynamics.
- Examples include profit repatriation, tax avoidance, and disruptive technological innovations.
Profit repatriation
- Profit repatriation refers to moving profits from a foreign country back to the home country.
- Example: Volkswagen Group earning profits globally, then sending a portion back to Germany.
- This is influenced by laws which vary between countries.
- Example: China allows up to 90% of profits to be repatriated if certain norms are fulfilled.
Tax avoidance
- Some corporations and wealthy individuals use strategies to reduce their tax liabilities.
- Subsidiaries: Companies open subsidiaries in countries with lower corporate taxes.
- Example: Apple Inc. paid less tax in Ireland due to a special agreement, avoiding larger US corporation taxes.
- Agreements: Some companies have special agreements with governments, sometimes deemed unlawful.
- Example: Apple in Ireland, Fiat in Luxembourg, Starbucks in the Netherlands.
- Personal Strategies: Wealthy individuals might move to low-tax countries or use complex financial structures.
- Example: Jensen Button living in Monaco; Philip Green managing his businesses via a holding company based in Monaco.
- Effects: LICs are estimated to lose up to $124 billion per year from tax avoidance by TNCs and the super-rich.
The panama papers
- The Panama Papers exposed how wealthy individuals exploit secretive offshore tax regimes.
- Example: Vladimir Putin, Nawaz Sharif, Ayad Allawi, and other politicians were discovered using offshore tax havens.
Unlock the Full Content!
Dive deeper and gain exclusive access to premium files of Geography HL. Subscribe now and get closer to that 45 🌟