History HL
History HL
32
Chapters
489
Notes
Chapter 1 - China 1839-60 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 1 - China 1839-60 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 2 - The Opening Of China To Foreigners 1860-1901 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 2 - The Opening Of China To Foreigners 1860-1901 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 3 - Defeat & Revolution 1901-25 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 3 - Defeat & Revolution 1901-25 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 4 - Nationalists & Communists 1924-45 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 4 - Nationalists & Communists 1924-45 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 5 - The Japanese Threat & Communist Takeover 1931-49 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 5 - The Japanese Threat & Communist Takeover 1931-49 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 6 - China & The Wider World 1949-76 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 6 - China & The Wider World 1949-76 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 7 - Government, Economy & Society Under Mao After 1949 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 7 - Government, Economy & Society Under Mao After 1949 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 8 - The Cultural Revolution 1966 -76 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 8 - The Cultural Revolution 1966 -76 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 9 - Deng Xiaoping
Chapter 9 - Deng Xiaoping
Chapter 10 - China & The Wider World 1978-97 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 10 - China & The Wider World 1978-97 (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 11 - Concluding Survey (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 11 - Concluding Survey (China 1839-1997)
Chapter 12 - Jews, Arabs & The British 1900-39 (Middle East)
Chapter 12 - Jews, Arabs & The British 1900-39 (Middle East)
Chapter 13 - The Birth Of Isreal 1939-49 (Middle East)
Chapter 13 - The Birth Of Isreal 1939-49 (Middle East)
Chapter 14 - Arab-Israeli Wars In 1956, 1967, & 1973 (Middle East)
Chapter 14 - Arab-Israeli Wars In 1956, 1967, & 1973 (Middle East)
Chapter 15 - Nasser, Egypt & Arab Nationalism (Middle East)
Chapter 15 - Nasser, Egypt & Arab Nationalism (Middle East)
Chapter 16 - The Palestinian Problem (Middle East)
Chapter 16 - The Palestinian Problem (Middle East)
Chapter 17 - The Challenges Of Peace-Making 1991-2008: Israelis & Palestinians (Middle East)
Chapter 17 - The Challenges Of Peace-Making 1991-2008: Israelis & Palestinians (Middle East)
Chapter 18 - The Iran-Iraq War 1980-8 (Middle East)
Chapter 18 - The Iran-Iraq War 1980-8 (Middle East)
Chapter 19 - Iraq & The West 1988-2008 (Middle East)
Chapter 19 - Iraq & The West 1988-2008 (Middle East)
Chapter 20 - From Arab Nationalism To IsIamic Fundamentalism (Middle East)
Chapter 20 - From Arab Nationalism To IsIamic Fundamentalism (Middle East)
Chapter 21 - Truman (Cold War 1945- 81)
Chapter 21 - Truman (Cold War 1945- 81)
Chapter 22 - The Korean War (Cold War 1945-81)
Chapter 22 - The Korean War (Cold War 1945-81)
Chapter 23 - Eisenhower & Dulles (Cold war 1945 -81)
Chapter 23 - Eisenhower & Dulles (Cold war 1945 -81)
Chapter 25 - Kennedy To Carter (Cold War 1945-81)
Chapter 25 - Kennedy To Carter (Cold War 1945-81)
Chapter 26 - Weimar Germany - 1918-1933 (European States)
Chapter 26 - Weimar Germany - 1918-1933 (European States)
Chapter 27 - Hitler’s Germany - 1933-1939 (European States)
Chapter 27 - Hitler’s Germany - 1933-1939 (European States)
Chapter 28 - Italy - 1918-1922 (European States)
Chapter 28 - Italy - 1918-1922 (European States)
Chapter 29 - Mussolini’s Italy - 1922-1939 (European States)
Chapter 29 - Mussolini’s Italy - 1922-1939 (European States)
Chapter 30 - Spain - 1918-1936 (European States)
Chapter 30 - Spain - 1918-1936 (European States)
Chapter 31 - The Spanish Civil War - 1936-1939 (European States)
Chapter 31 - The Spanish Civil War - 1936-1939 (European States)
Chapter 32 - The Soviet Union - 1918-1929 (European States)
Chapter 32 - The Soviet Union - 1918-1929 (European States)
Chapter 33 - The Soviet Union - 1929-1939 (European States)
Chapter 33 - The Soviet Union - 1929-1939 (European States)
IB Resources
Chapter 20 - From Arab Nationalism To IsIamic Fundamentalism (Middle East)
History HL
History HL

Chapter 20 - From Arab Nationalism To IsIamic Fundamentalism (Middle East)

Revolution to al-Qaeda - A Middle East Deep Dive!

Updated at Emoji
Last edited on 16th Oct 2024

Table of content

🇮🇷 The Islamic Revolution in Iran, 1979

  • Surprise, Surprise! 🎉: When everyone thought an Islamic revolution would pop up in an Arab nation, it happened in...Iran.

  • The Shah and His "Invincible" Rule 🤴

    • The Shah of Iran had a strong army 🪖 and a not-so-friendly secret police 🕵️‍♂️.

    • But guess what? He got overthrown!

  • A New Republic 🕌

    • Massive popular movement = Shah out!

    • Iran established a republic based on Islamic law, with big boss Ayatollah Khomeini leading the way. 👳‍♂️

  • Shots Fired 📢: Khomeini & his squad weren't fans of other Middle Eastern governments, especially those BFFs with the West or Soviet Union. Why? They thought they were corrupt and not really Islamic. 😒

  • Arab World's Reaction 🌍

    • Initial Reaction: "Wow! Go Iran!" 👏

    • Afterthought: "Hmm, maybe not." 🤨 Why?

      • Iran = Persian, not Arab.

      • Religion Mix-Up: Iran = mostly Shiites. Arab World = mostly Sunnis.

      • Iran vs Iraq, 1980: Most Arab countries sided with Iraq. 🇮🇶

🇦🇫 Afghanistan, the New Hotspot! 🔥:

  • 1978 Drama 🎭: Afghan communists (with Soviet buddies) took control. Result? Islamist groups = Super mad. 😡

  • 1980s Action Movie 🎬: December 1979 - Soviet troops come in, Afghan guerrillas (mujahideen) fight back. Imagine a 10-year-long blockbuster!

  • International Fan Base 🌐

Team Mujahideen 🌟: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, USA, Britain, and others. Why?

  • Saudis & Pakistanis: Fellow Muslims helping out. 🕌

  • USA & West: "Down with the Soviet ‘evil empire’!" said President Ronald Reagan.

  • Weapon Drop 💣: The West, especially the USA, went Oprah: "You get a missile, and you get a missile!" 🚀

Enter al-Qaida 🕌

  • The Saudi Star 🌟: Osama Bin Laden.

    • His role: Used his wealth to create an underground fortress in Afghanistan. ⛏️

    • Founded: al-Qaida. (Fun Fact: "al-Qaida" = Arabic for "bases").

  • Training Camp Time! 🏕️: Around 15,000 volunteers from Saudi Arabia and several thousand from Egypt trained to fight in Afghanistan.

  • 1989 Mic Drop 🎤: Soviets pack their bags and leave.

    • Death toll: A heartbreaking 1 million Afghans. 😢

    • After-Effects: The birth and growth of many Islamist groups. If they could beat the mighty Soviets, why not other weaker governments?

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IB Resources
Chapter 20 - From Arab Nationalism To IsIamic Fundamentalism (Middle East)
History HL
History HL

Chapter 20 - From Arab Nationalism To IsIamic Fundamentalism (Middle East)

Revolution to al-Qaeda - A Middle East Deep Dive!

Updated at Emoji
Last edited on 16th Oct 2024

Table of content

🇮🇷 The Islamic Revolution in Iran, 1979

  • Surprise, Surprise! 🎉: When everyone thought an Islamic revolution would pop up in an Arab nation, it happened in...Iran.

  • The Shah and His "Invincible" Rule 🤴

    • The Shah of Iran had a strong army 🪖 and a not-so-friendly secret police 🕵️‍♂️.

    • But guess what? He got overthrown!

  • A New Republic 🕌

    • Massive popular movement = Shah out!

    • Iran established a republic based on Islamic law, with big boss Ayatollah Khomeini leading the way. 👳‍♂️

  • Shots Fired 📢: Khomeini & his squad weren't fans of other Middle Eastern governments, especially those BFFs with the West or Soviet Union. Why? They thought they were corrupt and not really Islamic. 😒

  • Arab World's Reaction 🌍

    • Initial Reaction: "Wow! Go Iran!" 👏

    • Afterthought: "Hmm, maybe not." 🤨 Why?

      • Iran = Persian, not Arab.

      • Religion Mix-Up: Iran = mostly Shiites. Arab World = mostly Sunnis.

      • Iran vs Iraq, 1980: Most Arab countries sided with Iraq. 🇮🇶

🇦🇫 Afghanistan, the New Hotspot! 🔥:

  • 1978 Drama 🎭: Afghan communists (with Soviet buddies) took control. Result? Islamist groups = Super mad. 😡

  • 1980s Action Movie 🎬: December 1979 - Soviet troops come in, Afghan guerrillas (mujahideen) fight back. Imagine a 10-year-long blockbuster!

  • International Fan Base 🌐

Team Mujahideen 🌟: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, USA, Britain, and others. Why?

  • Saudis & Pakistanis: Fellow Muslims helping out. 🕌

  • USA & West: "Down with the Soviet ‘evil empire’!" said President Ronald Reagan.

  • Weapon Drop 💣: The West, especially the USA, went Oprah: "You get a missile, and you get a missile!" 🚀

Enter al-Qaida 🕌

  • The Saudi Star 🌟: Osama Bin Laden.

    • His role: Used his wealth to create an underground fortress in Afghanistan. ⛏️

    • Founded: al-Qaida. (Fun Fact: "al-Qaida" = Arabic for "bases").

  • Training Camp Time! 🏕️: Around 15,000 volunteers from Saudi Arabia and several thousand from Egypt trained to fight in Afghanistan.

  • 1989 Mic Drop 🎤: Soviets pack their bags and leave.

    • Death toll: A heartbreaking 1 million Afghans. 😢

    • After-Effects: The birth and growth of many Islamist groups. If they could beat the mighty Soviets, why not other weaker governments?

Unlock the Full Content! File Is Locked Emoji

Dive deeper and gain exclusive access to premium files of History HL. Subscribe now and get closer to that 45 🌟