• Genotype = The genetic makeup of an individual (your internal DNA instruction manual).
• Phenotype = Observable traits or characteristics (like eye color).

Fun Fact: Think of genotype as the recipe and phenotype as the cake. The recipe tells you how to make it, but the cake is what you see and taste!

• It's how the genotype transforms into the phenotype.
• Genes give instructions to make functional products - mostly proteins.
• Proteins = Chains of amino acids. They're the workers in our body, following the DNA's instructions!

• Transcription: It's like photocopying! The gene's sequence is copied to create an RNA molecule. This happens in the cell's nucleus.
• Translation: Reading aloud from the photocopy! The RNA is decoded into amino acids, building the protein. This happens in the ribosomes.

Real-world analogy: It's like translating a book. Transcription is copying the story in one language, and translation is converting it to another language!

• The cellular structures where translation happens.
• They grab the RNA, find the starting point, and build the protein by adding one amino acid at a time.
• Once the protein is made, it's sent to do its job in or out of the cell.