Aid types: Emergency relief, development aid, short-term, and long-term aid.

• Top-down development: This method is implemented by big organizations/governments. Can sometimes be effective but often criticised due to lack of local input.
• Bottom-up development: Driven by local communities. Preferred by most aid organizations due to its inclusiveness and sustainability. Often challenged by limited funding and political issues.

• Main Donors: The USA, Japan, UK, and France are the top donors, with Scandinavian countries giving the highest aid in relation to GNI.
• Main Recipients: Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Russia, and South East Asia receive the highest aid.
• Real-life example: Bangladesh has heavily relied on foreign aid since its independence in 1971, receiving over $54.5 billion mostly from the World Bank and IMF. However, aid often comes with conditions such as the privatization of state-owned enterprises.

• Loans: A transfer of money/skills that require repayment over a set time, primarily from richer countries to poorer ones.
• Official Development Assistance (ODA): Aims to promote the efficient use of borrowed funds, with the burden on the donor government relatively small as they're paid back over time.
• OECD Target: In 1970, the OECD targeted donors to spend 0.7% of their GNI on ODA. However, by 2012, only five donors met this target.
• Real-life example: ODA in Liberia exceeded government expenditure in 2011, while in Rwanda, it was equal to 80% of government spending.

• Sub-Saharan Africa's Debt: Includes most of the 42 countries classified as heavily indebted, with debt of about $235 billion.
• Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative: Launched in 1996 by the IMF and World Bank, this initiative aims to relieve low-income countries of unsustainable debt and promote reform. Debt relief occurs in two steps - the decision point (adherence to IMF program) and completion point (debt stock relief).
• Real-life example: Of the 42 participating countries, 34 are in sub-Saharan Africa. To date, 16 have reached the decision point and eight have reached the completion point (Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda).