• Novelty: Something new happens.
• Unpredictability: Unexpected events.
• Threat to Ego: Feeling incompetent.
• Lack of Control: Little control over situations.

📌 Real-World Example: Remember the first day at a new school? New faces (Novelty), unexpected quizzes (Unpredictability), not knowing answers (Threat to Ego), and new rules (Lack of Control) – all stressful ingredients!

• 488,000 cases of work-related stress, depression, or anxiety in 2015/16.
• 11.7 million working days lost due to this.
• 37% of all work-related ill health cases.
• 45% of all working days lost due to ill health.

📌 Real-World Example: Imagine an entire city population stressed from work, leading to lost days that could fill decades. Huge impact on society!

• Job Design: Boring tasks, long hours, no control.
• Management Style: Mean bosses.
• Interpersonal Relationships: Lack of friendships.
• Environmental Conditions: Noise, poor lighting.
• Career Concerns: Job insecurity.

📌 Real-World Example: Think of a factory worker with a strict boss, boring assembly line work, no friends, loud machines, and the fear of losing the job. Recipe for stress!

• Whitehall Studies: More stress in lower hierarchy positions, linked to lack of job control, clarity, and support.
• 1 million Americans absent daily due to stress.

📌 Real-World Example: If you're the janitor instead of the CEO, studies say you might be more stressed. Control, clarity, and support make a big difference!

• Lazarus & Hobfoll: Stress relates to how we appraise situations and the resources we have.

📌 Real-World Example: It's like playing a challenging video game. If you think it's too hard (appraisal) and lack the right tools (resources), it's going to stress you out!